10BaseT
A variant of Ethernet which allows stations to be attached via twisted pair cable. See also: Ethernet , twisted pair
802.x
The set of IEEE standards for the definition of LAN protocols. See also: IEEE
822
See: RFC 822
:-)
This odd symbol is one of the ways a person can portray "mood" in the very flat medium of computers--by using "smiley faces". This is "metacommunication", and there are literally hundreds of such symbols, from the obvious to the obscure. This particular example expresses "happiness". Don't see it? Tilt your head to the left 90 degrees. Smiles are also used to denote sarcasm. [Source: ZEN]
abstract syntax
A description of a data structure that is independent of machine- oriented structures and encodings. [Source: RFC1208]
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
The language used by the OSI protocols for describing abstract syntax. This language is also used to encode SNMP packets. ASN.1 is defined in ISO documents 8824.2 and 8825.2. See also: Basic Encoding Rules
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)
Many transit networks have policies which restrict the use to which the network may be put. A well known example is NSFNET's AUP which does not allow commercial use. Enforcement of AUPs varies with the network. See also: National Science Foundation
Access Control List (ACL)
Most network security systems operate by allowing selective use of services. An Access Control List is the usual means by which access to, and denial of, services is controlled. It is simply a list of the services available, each with a list of the hosts permitted to use the service.
ACK
See: Acknowledgment
acknowledgment (ACK)
A type of message sent to indicate that a block of data arrived at its destination without error. See also: [Source: NNSC]
ACL
See: Access Control List
AD
See: Administrative Domain
address
There are three types of addresses in common use within the Internet. They are email address; IP, internet or Internet address; and hardware or MAC address. See also: email address , IP address , internet address , MAC address
address mask
A bit mask used to identify which bits in an IP address correspond to the network and subnet portions of the address. This mask is often referred to as the subnet mask because the network portion of the address can be determined by the encoding inherent in an IP address.
address resolution
Conversion of an internet address into the corresponding physical address.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Used to dynamically discover the low level physical network hardware address that corresponds to the high level IP address for a given host. ARP is limited to physical network systems that support broadcast packets that can be heard by all hosts on the network. It is defined in RFC 826. See also: proxy ARP
Administrative Domain (AD)
A collection of hosts and routers, and the interconnecting network(s), managed by a single administrative authority.
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
A pioneering longhaul network funded by ARPA (now DARPA). It served as the basis for early networking research, as well as a central backbone during the development of the Internet. The ARPANET consisted of individual packet switching computers interconnected by leased lines. See also: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [Source: FYI4]
agent
In the client-server model, the part of the system that performs information preparation and exchange on behalf of a client or server application. [Source: RFC1208]
alias
A name, usually short and easy to remember, that is translated into another name, usually long and difficult to remember.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
This organization is responsible for approving U.S. standards in many areas, including computers and communications. Standards approved by this organization are often called ANSI standards (e.g., ANSI C is the version of the C language approved by ANSI). ANSI is a member of ISO. See also: International Organization for Standardization [Source: NNSC]
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
A standard character-to-number encoding widely used in the computer industry. See also: EBCDIC
anonymous FTP
Anonymous FTP allows a user to retrieve documents, files, programs, and other archived data from anywhere in the Internet without having to establish a userid and password. By using the special userid of "anonymous" the network user will bypass local security checks and will have access to publicly accessible files on the remote system. See also: archive site , File Transfer Protocol
ANSI
See: American National Standards Institute
API
See: Application Program Interface
Appletalk
A networking protocol developed by Apple Computer for communication between Apple Computer products and other computers. This protocol is independent of the network layer on which it is run. Current implementations exist for Localtalk, a 235Kb/s local area network; and Ethertalk, a 10Mb/s local area network. [Source: NNSC]
application
A program that performs a function directly for a user. FTP, mail and Telnet clients are examples of network applications.
application layer
The top layer of the network protocol stack. The application layer is concerned with the semantics of work (e.g., formatting electronic mail messages). How to represent that data and how to reach the foreign node are issues for lower layers of the network. [Source: MALAMUD]
Application Program Interface (API)
A set of calling conventions which define how a service is invoked through a software package. [Source: RFC1208]
archie
A system to automatically gather, index and serve information on the Internet. The initial implementation of archie provided an indexed directory of filenames from all anonymous FTP archives on the Internet. Later versions provide other collections of information. See also: archive site , Gopher , Prospero , Wide Area Information Servers
archive site
A machine that provides access to a collection of files across the Internet. An "anonymous FTP archive site", for example, provides access to this material via the FTP protocol. See also: anonymous FTP , archie , Gopher , Prospero , Wide Area Information Servers
ARP
See: Address Resolution Protocol
ARPA
See: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARPANET
See: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
AS
See: Autonomous System
ASCII
See: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASN.1
See: Abstract Syntax Notation One
assigned numbers
The RFC [STD2] which documents the currently assigned values from several series of numbers used in network protocol implementations. This RFC is updated periodically and, in any case, current information can be obtained from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, etc., please contact the IANA to receive a number assignment. See also: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority , STD [Source: STD2]
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
A method for the dynamic allocation of bandwidth using a fixed- size packet (called a cell). ATM is also known as "fast packet".
ATM
See: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUP
See: Acceptable Use Policy
authentication
The verification of the identity of a person or process. [Source: MALAMUD]
Autonomous System (AS)
A collection of routers under a single administrative authority using a common Interior Gateway Protocol for routing packets.
backbone
The top level in a hierarchical network. Stub and transit networks which connect to the same backbone are guaranteed to be interconnected. See also: stub network , transit network
bandwidth
Technically, the difference, in Hertz (Hz), between the highest and lowest frequencies of a transmission channel. However, as typically used, the amount of data that can be sent through a given communications circuit.
bang path
A series of machine names used to direct electronic mail from one user to another, typically by specifying an explicit UUCP path through which the mail is to be routed. See also: email address , mail path , UNIX-to-UNIX CoPy
baseband
A transmission medium through which digital signals are sent without complicated frequency shifting. In general, only one communication channel is available at any given time. Ethernet is an example of a baseband network. See also: broadband , Ethernet [Source: NNSC]
Basic Encoding Rules (BER)
Standard rules for encoding data units described in ASN.1. Sometimes incorrectly lumped under the term ASN.1, which properly refers only to the abstract syntax description language, not the encoding technique. See also: Abstract Syntax Notation One [Source: NNSC]
BBS
See: Bulletin Board System
BCNU
Be Seein' You
BER
See: Basic Encoding Rules
Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND)
Implementation of a DNS server developed and distributed by the University of California at Berkeley. Many Internet hosts run BIND, and it is the ancestor of many commercial BIND implementations.
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
Implementation of the UNIX operating system and its utilities developed and distributed by the University of California at Berkeley. "BSD" is usually preceded by the version number of the distribution, e.g., "4.3 BSD" is version 4.3 of the Berkeley UNIX distribution. Many Internet hosts run BSD software, and it is the ancestor of many commercial UNIX implementations. [Source: NNSC]
BGP
See: Border Gateway Protocol
big-endian
A format for storage or transmission of binary data in which the most significant bit (or byte) comes first. The term comes from "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift. The Lilliputians, being very small, had correspondingly small political problems. The Big-Endian and Little-Endian parties debated over whether soft- boiled eggs should be opened at the big end or the little end. See also: little-endian [Source: RFC1208]
binary
11001001
BIND
See: Berkeley Internet Name Domain
Birds Of a Feather (BOF)
A Birds Of a Feather (flocking together) is an informal discussion group. It is formed, often ad hoc, to consider a specific issue and, therefore, has a narrow focus.
Bitnet
An academic computer network that provides interactive electronic mail and file transfer services, using a store-and-forward protocol, based on IBM Network Job Entry protocols. Bitnet-II encapsulates the Bitnet protocol within IP packets and depends on the Internet to route them.